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<fileDesc><titleStmt><title><persName ref="prs:nicolay"><surname>Nicolay</surname>, <forename>C.</forename> <forename>G.</forename></persName> to <persName ref="prs:cuffe"><surname>Cuffe</surname>,  <forename>John</forename> <forename>Otway</forename> <forename>O'Conner</forename></persName> 14 May 1852, CO 305:3, no. 4255, 546.</title>
<author><persName ref="prs:nicolay">Nicolay</persName></author>
<respStmt><resp>addressee</resp>
<persName ref="prs:cuffe">Desart (Parliamentary Under-Secretary)</persName>
</respStmt>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><p>Published by Jim Hendrickson and the University of Victoria.</p>
</publicationStmt><notesStmt><note xml:id="V526N01_citation"><bibl><persName ref="prs:nicolay"><surname>Nicolay</surname>, <forename>C.</forename> <forename>G.</forename></persName> to <persName ref="prs:cuffe"><surname>Cuffe</surname>,  <forename>John</forename> <forename>Otway</forename> <forename>O'Conner</forename></persName> 14 May 1852, CO 305:3, no. 4255, 546.<title level="m">The Colonial Despatches of Vancouver Island and British Columbia 1846-1871</title>, Edition 2.6, ed. James Hendrickson and the Colonial Despatches project. Victoria, B.C.: University of Victoria. <ref target="V526N01.html">https://bcgenesis.uvic.ca/V526N01.html</ref>.
                    </bibl></note></notesStmt>

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<sourceDesc><bibl><idno type="archivalId">CO 305:03</idno>
<idno type="repository">CO</idno>
<idno type="coNumber">305</idno>
<idno type="coVol">3</idno>
<idno type="coRegistration">4255</idno>
<idno type="page">546</idno>
<series>V.I.</series>
<date when="1852-05-14" type="sent">1852</date>
<date type="received" when="1852-05-15">received 15 May</date>
<biblScope type="startPageImage" facs="co_305_03/co_305_03_00555r.jpg">co_305_03_00555r.jpg</biblScope>
<note>Transcribed from microfilm archives, marked up in Waterloo Script, then transformed into TEI P5 XML.</note>
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<profileDesc><abstract><p>Correspondence (private letter). 
                Minutes (4), Enclosures (untranscribed) (1), Other documents (1).</p>
<p style="font-style: italic;">This document contains mentions of Indigenous Peoples. The authors of these documents often perpetuate a negative perspective of Indigenous Peoples and it is important to look critically at these mentions. They sometimes use terminology that is now considered hurtful and offensive.  To learn more about modern terminology pertaining to Indigenous Peoples, Indigenous ways of knowing, and decolonization, please refer to the <ref target="cdc:glossaryIP">Glossary of terms</ref>.</p>

<p><persName ref="prs:nicolay">Nicolay</persName>’s letter to <persName ref="prs:cuffe">Desart</persName> claims that the current method of colonial management by the <orgName ref="org:hbc">HBC</orgName> is risky, in light of both the recent annexation of <placeName ref="plc:hawaii">Hawaii</placeName> by the Americans and rumours in <placeName ref="plc:san_francisco">San Francisco</placeName> that suggest a similar plan for the annexation of <placeName ref="plc:vancouver_island">Vancouver Island</placeName> and <placeName ref="plc:haida_gwaii">Haida Gwaii</placeName>.</p>
<p>The minutes discuss how to prevent a possible American annexation of <placeName ref="plc:vancouver_island">Vancouver Island</placeName> and <placeName ref="plc:haida_gwaii">Haida Gwaii</placeName>.</p>
<p>Of the two enclosures, the first is a list of <q>memoranda</q> on <q>the importance of the North West coast of British North America,</q> and the second is a draft reply to <persName ref="prs:nicolay">Nicolay</persName>.</p>
</abstract><correspDesc>
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<persName ref="prs:nicolay"><surname>Nicolay</surname>, <forename>C.</forename> <forename>G.</forename></persName>
<address><addrLine>
Sloane Terrace
</addrLine></address>
<date when="1852-05-14"/>
</correspAction>
<correspAction type="received">
<persName ref="prs:cuffe"><surname>Cuffe</surname>,  <forename>John</forename> <forename>Otway</forename> <forename>O'Conner</forename></persName>
<date when="1852-05-15"/></correspAction></correspDesc></profileDesc>
 
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<change resp="lyallg" when="2019-03-20">Changed idno @type="received" into a date element. Gave existing date an @type="sent" and reordered bibl contents.</change>
</revisionDesc>
 
 

</teiHeader>
 
<text><body>

<!-- .cor N -->
<div type="correspondence">
<head>
<persName ref="prs:nicolay">Nicolay</persName> to <persName ref="prs:cuffe">Desart</persName> (Parliamentary Under-Secretary)
</head>
<opener><ref type="co_ref">4255, CO 305/3, p. 546; received 15 May
</ref>
<address><addrLine>
Sloane Terrace
</addrLine>
</address>
<date when="1852-05-14">14 May 1852</date>
<salute>My Lord</salute>
</opener>

<p>
In accordance with your request I send You some Memoranda on the
importance of the N.W. coast of British North America.
</p>

<p>
Although they have run to Some length I feel that no portion of the
subject is fairly represented. I am however prepared to go fully into
eavry part of it.
<!-- .cm sic -->
</p>

<p>
I take the liberty to <fw type="catchword" style="text-align: right;">caution</fw><pb facs="co_305_03/co_305_03_00556r.jpg"/>caution Your Lordship against a hasty
judgement with respect to the interests of this country on the Pacific
at the same time that I would beg you to remark that the opinion I have
expressed does not in the main affect the subject of the accompanying
memoranda. But more especially I would venture to warn You against
accepting the statements of the Hudsons Bay Co as satisfactory with
respect <fw type="catchword" style="text-align: right;">to</fw><pb facs="co_305_03/co_305_03_00557r.jpg"/>to the condition or government of their territories. The truth
can only be got at <unclear>primarily</unclear> by careful Examination on the spot by
some one well acquainted with the history of the fur trade &amp; of
discovery on the N.W. Coast.
</p>

<p>
I do not wish to be considered as making any reflection on its
Governors but it is not in the nature of things that a trading monopoly,
the operations of which are carried on among <name type="ip" subtype="group">savages</name>, should fairly
represent<pb facs="co_305_03/co_305_03_00558r.jpg"/> itself or that it should be in a condition to undertake large
and important national affairs.
</p>

<p>
A perusal of the statements of all witnesses on the Subject might
lead to a moral but not probably a judicial opinion.
</p>

<p>
I would also add that what is true of <name type="ip" subtype="group">the natives</name> as to isolation
would be equally true of convicts if the government desired to Land any
where their labour might compensate for the Expense of their
maintenance.
</p>

<pb facs="co_305_03/co_305_03_00559r.jpg"/>

<p>
I would also suggest to you whether the cure of many of our social
evils at home may not more easily be found in the extension of our
Colonial Empire not in territory but in <hi style="text-decoration: underline;">men</hi> &amp; the consequent
extension of our Commercial and manufacturing relations, than by any
other means. Since the accompanying memoranda were written we have
learnt from the daily papers the formidable nature of<pb facs="co_305_03/co_305_03_00560r.jpg"/> the preparations
made at <placeName ref="plc:san_francisco">San Francisco</placeName> for the occupation of <placeName ref="plc:haida_gwaii">Queen Charlottes Island</placeName> by
American citizens which has by this time taken place. Also of their
having Caused a republic to be proclaimed at <placeName ref="plc:hawaii">Honolulu</placeName> &amp; of their
intentions to do the same shortly at the <placeName ref="plc:hawaii">Sandwich Islands</placeName>—the latter
has been long the avowed object of their diplomatic agents in centeral
America &amp; the Pacific
</p>

<closer>
I am my Lord
<lb/>
Your obed<hi style="vertical-align: super; font-size: 80%;">t</hi> Servant
<lb/>
<persName ref="prs:nicolay">C.J. Nicolay</persName>
<lb/>

<lb/>
</closer><closer><name type="addressee">The Lord Desart</name></closer>
<!-- ..cm =================================================================== -->
</div>

<div type="minutes">
<div type="minute_entry"><pb facs="co_305_03/co_305_03_00560v.jpg"/>
<ab>
<persName ref="prs:merivale_h">M<hi style="text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: super; font-size: 80%;">r</hi> Merivale</persName><lb/>
This is an interesting memorandum especially at this moment when the
recent discovery of gold in <placeName ref="plc:haida_gwaii">Queen Charlotte's Island</placeName> makes information
concerning the N.W. Coast of America of value. But I suppose an
ack<hi style="vertical-align: super; font-size: 80%;">t</hi> with thanks is all this Office can return for the trouble the
writer has taken.
</ab>

<closer><signed><persName ref="prs:blackwood_aj">AB<hi style="vertical-align: super; font-size: 80%;">d</hi></persName>
<date when="1852-05-20">
20/May
</date>
</signed>
</closer>
</div>

<div type="minute_entry"><pb facs="co_305_03/co_305_03_00561r.jpg"/>
<ab>
<persName ref="prs:cuffe">Lord Desart</persName><lb/>
Acknowledge with thanks? but I cannot say there seems to me to be much
in this gentleman's memorandum. It is made up chiefly of observations
suggested by the map, by <persName ref="prs:simpson_g">Sir G. Simpson</persName>'s travels, &amp; some older books,
and a very little heresay from H B Co's servants &amp; others. What we want
to know is the actual condition of <placeName ref="plc:haida_gwaii">Q Ch. Island</placeName>—its capabilities—its
<name type="ip" subtype="group">native population</name>—the prospects of intercourse between it, <placeName ref="plc:san_francisco">San
Fransisco</placeName>, &amp; the <placeName ref="plc:hawaii">Sandwich Islands</placeName>—of all which there is nothing
whatever here. The writer has evidently no personal knowledge.
</ab>

<p>
It seems to me that although<pb facs="co_305_03/co_305_03_00561v.jpg"/> the <orgName ref="org:admiralty">Admiralty</orgName> may send a ship of War,
&amp; prevent anything like "annexation" of the island<!-- KSS note: which island? --> by the Americans
easily enough, it will be necessary to give some farther &amp; more distinct
instructions, how the wandering miners who may arrive there are to be
dealt with.
</p>

<p>
I assume that <choice><abbr>Gov<hi style="vertical-align: super; font-size: 80%;">t</hi></abbr><expan>Government</expan></choice> would not exclude foreigners, as some seem
to recommend. I do not know that they have legally the power.
</p>

<p>
Leaving this out of the question two courses are open:
</p>

<p>
1. To form an establishment on the island<!-- KSS note: which island? -->, treat the land as Crown<pb facs="co_305_03/co_305_03_00562r.jpg"/>
Land, exact the payment for licenses from miners, &amp; constitute some kind
of force for public protection.
</p>

<p>
This cannot be done, 1. without some expense—it is idle to
suppose, as many do, that such establishments can be made
self-supporting, unless there were some very extraordinary mining
results. 2. without incurring the perpetual difficulty of guarding a
settlement against <name type="ip" subtype="group">natives</name> reported to be numerous &amp; warlike. 3.
without forming a new colony, with all the adjuncts of representative
Government, &amp;c. For it is a recognised principle in colonial law that
<persName ref="prs:queen_victoria">the Queen</persName> cannot (without parliamentary authority) impose a tax, or make
a law, or<pb facs="co_305_03/co_305_03_00562v.jpg"/> allow others to make one, in colonies founded by Englishmen.
</p>

<p>
2. The other course would be, to direct the Adm<hi style="vertical-align: super; font-size: 80%;">l</hi> to maintain as
I have said British supremacy, and to lend his assistance if absolutely
required to keep the peace among the miners, but not to interfere with
them in any other way. If in the course of time the wish for something
like settled Government should manifest itself, the immigrants might
then be encouraged to constitute one, paying its own expenses. This
latter<pb facs="co_305_03/co_305_03_00563r.jpg"/> Scheme would certainly be facilitated if commissions of the peace
could be issued to one or two individuals, but the difficulty is, to
know to whom. I fear commissions in blank are not legal. I would
strongly recommend you to talk this matter over privately with any
member of the <orgName ref="org:admiralty">Admiralty</orgName> who would charge himself with it.
</p>

<p>
As to the H.B.C. whose position the writer does not correctly
represent, their case stands thus. They have rights both of territory &amp;
government over an immense<pb facs="co_305_03/co_305_03_00563v.jpg"/> tract of N.E. America. These rights have
been very much attacked of late years; that they are vexatious &amp;
monopolistic is easily shewn. that any other body, except such a
Company, could make any use of those vast but desolate regions, and,
above all, could manage <name type="ip" subtype="group"><hi style="text-decoration: underline;">the Indians</hi></name> on any terms of humanity &amp; good
order, is not so easily shewn. But however this may be, they have their
rights by charter—the law advisers of the late Government declared them
valid—it is open to any one to attack them at law, or to move
Parliament to control them, but the Crown<pb facs="co_305_03/co_305_03_00564r.jpg"/> has no power in the matter.
</p>

<p>
<seg type="snippet" xml:id="V526N01_snippet_1">But these rights extend only as far W. as the <placeName ref="plc:rocky_mountains">Rocky Mountains</placeName>. The
N. West Coast, &amp; islands (except <placeName ref="plc:vancouver_island">Vancouver</placeName>) are under no Government at
all. The Company have an exclusive right to trade with <name type="ip" subtype="group">the Indians
<placeName ref="plc:vancouver_island">there</placeName></name>, but nothing more.</seg> That right expires in <date when="1859">1859</date>, but if the Crown
makes a "colony" in any part of this region, the Crown can (not
<hi style="text-decoration: underline;">must</hi>) revoke the license so far as that colony is concerned.
</p>
<closer><signed><persName ref="prs:merivale_h">HM</persName>
<date when="1852-05-20">
May 20
</date>
</signed>
</closer>
</div>

<div type="minute_entry">
<ab>
I concur very generally with all that is said in the above minute.<pb facs="co_305_03/co_305_03_00564v.jpg"/>
I think however that the annexed memorandum explains fully of how much
advantage the colonization &amp; formation of trading establishments in
<placeName ref="plc:haida_gwaii">Queen Charlottes</placeName> &amp; <placeName ref="plc:vancouver_island">Vancouvers Islands</placeName> might be to this empire. I sent
to <persName ref="prs:temple_hj">Lord Palmerston</persName> a short precis of what passed during a short
interview I had with the writer of this memorandum.
</ab>
<closer><signed><persName ref="prs:cuffe">D</persName>
<date when="1852-05-21">
21
</date>
</signed>
</closer>
</div>
<div type="minute_entry">
<ab>
Acknowledge the Com<hi style="vertical-align: super; font-size: 80%;">n</hi> with thanks.
</ab>
<p>
The subjects involved must be [maturely considered?].
</p>
<closer><signed><persName ref="prs:pakington">JSP</persName>
<date when="1852-05-24">
24
</date>
</signed>
</closer>
<!-- ..cm =================================================================== -->
</div>
</div>
<div type="enclosure_list">
<div type="enclosure_entry"><pb facs="co_305_03/co_305_03_00565r.jpg"/>
<ab>
"Memoranda on the importance of the North West coast of British
North America in connexion with</ab>

<p>1. The discovery of Gold in <placeName ref="plc:haida_gwaii">Queen Charlottes Islands</placeName>.</p>

<p>2. The trade of the Pacific.</p>

<p>3. The British Colonies in North America.</p>

<p>4. <name type="ip" subtype="group">The Native inhabitants</name>."</p>

<!-- ..cm =================================================================== -->
</div>
</div>

<div type="other_files">
<div type="other_entry"><pb facs="co_305_03/co_305_03_00585r.jpg"/>
<ab>
Draft, <orgName ref="org:colonial_office">Colonial Office</orgName> to <persName ref="prs:nicolay">Nicolay</persName>, <date when="1852-05-29">29 May 1852</date>, thanking him for
his views.
</ab>
</div>
</div></body>
</text>
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