Colonial Despatches
The colonial despatches of Vancouver Island and British Columbia 1846-1871
Despatch to London
Douglas, James to Labouchere, Henry 6 April 1858, CO 305:9, no. 5180, 61.
Abstract
Despatch to London.
Minutes (6), Marginalia (1).
This document contains mentions of Indigenous Peoples. The authors of these documents
often perpetuate a negative perspective of Indigenous Peoples and it is important
to look critically at these mentions. They sometimes use terminology that is now considered
hurtful and offensive. To learn more about modern terminology pertaining to Indigenous
Peoples, Indigenous ways of knowing, and decolonization, please refer to the Glossary of terms.
Douglas reports on the progress of gold mining in the Thompson River district. He informs the CO of conflicts between Indigenous and European miners and his Proclamation
enforcing licences issued by the Crown for mining have been published in American
newspapers. He also assures the CO that
there being only two practicable routes, from the sea coast to the Couteau Mines; those could be guarded at little expense.
No. 15
1. Since I had last the honor of addressing you in my Despatch
No 35 of the 29th of December last,
1
in reference to the discovery of gold, in the
Couteau
or Thompson's River District, we have had much communication with
persons, who have since visited that part of the country.
2. The search for gold and "prospecting" of the country, had up
to the last dates from the interiorbeen
been carried on almost exclusively by
the native Indian population,
who have discovered the productive beds, and put out almost all the gold,
about eight hundred ounces, which has been hitherto exported from the
country; and who are moreover extremely jealous of the whites
and strongly opposed to their digging the soil for gold.
been carried on almost exclusively by
the native Indian population,
who have discovered the productive beds, and put out almost all the gold,
about eight hundred ounces, which has been hitherto exported from the
country; and who are moreover extremely jealous of the whites
and strongly opposed to their digging the soil for gold.
3. The few white men who passed the winter at the diggings,
chiefly retired Servants of the Hudson's Bay Company, though
well acquainted with Indian character, were obstructed by the
natives, in all their attempts to search for gold. They were on
all occasions narrowly watched and in every instance, when they
did succeed in removing the surface andexcavating
excavating to the depth
of the auriferous stratum, they were quietly hustled and crowded
by the natives, who having, by that means, obtained possession
of the spot, then proceeded to reap the fruits of their labors.
excavating to the depth
of the auriferous stratum, they were quietly hustled and crowded
by the natives, who having, by that means, obtained possession
of the spot, then proceeded to reap the fruits of their labors.
4. Such conduct was
unwarrantable
2
and exceedingly trying to the temper of spirited men, but the savages
were far too numerous for resistance, and they had to submit to their
dictation. It is however worthy of remark and a circumstance highly
honorable to the character of those savages that they have on all
occasions scrupulously respected the persons and property of their
white visitors, at the same time that they have expressed a
determination to reserve the gold for their own benefit.
5. Such
This term might be demurred to; for the natives, whose
country we choose to take possession of, have a good
right to dig for gold; & I suppose it will be difficult to make
them understand the right of the Crown to minerals in a
Country which they regard as their own. ABd.
5. Such being the purpose of the Natives; affrays and collisions
with the whites will surely follow the accession of numbers, which the
latter are now receiving by the influx of adventurers from Vancouver's
Island and the United States Territories in Oregon, and there is no doubt
in my mind that sooner or later the intervention of Her Majesty's
Government will be required to restore and maintain the peace; up to the
present time however, the country continues quiet; but simply I believe
because the whites have not attempted to resist the impositions of the
natives. I will however make it a part of my duty to keep you well
informed in respect to the state of the gold country.
6. The extent of the goldregion
region is yet but imperfectly known,
and I have therefore not arrived at any decided opinion as to its
ultimate value as a gold producing country. The boundaries of the gold
district have been however greatly extended since my former report.
region is yet but imperfectly known,
and I have therefore not arrived at any decided opinion as to its
ultimate value as a gold producing country. The boundaries of the gold
district have been however greatly extended since my former report.
7. In addition to the diggings before known on Thompson's River
and its tributary streams, a valuable deposit has been recently found by
the natives on a bank of Fraser's River about 5 miles beyond its
confluence with the Thompson, and gold in small quantities has been found
in the possession of the natives as far as the Great Falls of Fraser's
River,
3
about eighty miles above the Forks. The small quantity of gold hitherto
producedabout
about eight hundred ounces by the large native population of
the country is however unaccountable in a rich gold producing country,
unless we assume that the want of skill, industry, and proper mining
tools, on the part of the natives, sufficiently account for the fact.
about eight hundred ounces by the large native population of
the country is however unaccountable in a rich gold producing country,
unless we assume that the want of skill, industry, and proper mining
tools, on the part of the natives, sufficiently account for the fact.
8. On the contrary the vein rocks and its other geological
features as described by an experienced gold miner encourage the
belief that the country is highly auriferous.
9. The Miner in question clearly described the older slate
formations thrown up and pierced by beds of quartz, granite,
porphery,
4
and other igneous rocks; the vast accumulations of sand, gravel and
shingle, extending fromthe
the roots of the mountains to the banks of
Fraser's River and its affluents; which are peculiar characteristics of
the gold districts of California and other countries. We therefore hope
and are preparing for a rich harvest of trade which will greatly redound
to the advantage of this Colony.
the roots of the mountains to the banks of
Fraser's River and its affluents; which are peculiar characteristics of
the gold districts of California and other countries. We therefore hope
and are preparing for a rich harvest of trade which will greatly redound
to the advantage of this Colony.
10. I have further to communicate for your information that the
Proclamation
5
issued by me asserting the rights of the Crown to all gold in its natural
place of deposit, and forbidding all persons to dig for gold without a
licence have been published in the Newspapers of Oregon and Washington
Territories, and that notwithstanding some seventy or eighty adventurersfrom
from the American side have gone by the way of Fraser's River to the
Couteau mines, without taking out Licences.
from the American side have gone by the way of Fraser's River to the
Couteau mines, without taking out Licences.
11. I did not, as I might have done, attempt to enforce those
rights by means of a detachment of Seamen and Marines, from the
"Satellite",
6
without being assured that such a proceeding would meet with the approval
of Her Majesty's Government; but the moment your instructions on the
subject are received, I will take measures to carry them into effect.
12. There being only two practicable routes, from the sea coast to
the Couteau Mines; those could be guardedat
at little expense, and the
country rendered as secure from foreign intrusion, as the fabled garden
of the Hesperides.
at little expense, and the
country rendered as secure from foreign intrusion, as the fabled garden
of the Hesperides.
Minutes by CO staff
Mr Merivale
This will be useful for reference in case more enquiries are asked of this Office on the subject.
This will be useful for reference in case more enquiries are asked of this Office on the subject.
Fortunately the Boundary Surveying Ships are at Victoria, which can
render assistance to the Europeans in case of conflict with the Natives.
ABd
29 May
Lord Carnarvon
Difficulties arising out of such circumstances as these grow so rapidly, that I really think the attention of Govt ought at once to be called to the subject.
Difficulties arising out of such circumstances as these grow so rapidly, that I really think the attention of Govt ought at once to be called to the subject.
The Governor asks for instructions, & requires them. He was told to
issue a proclamation requiring gold licenses to be taken out, which was
done. This proclamation is disregarded, as was of course to be expected
when the excitement increased, there being no force on the spot & no
semblance of British Government. I suppose that on the whole the best
direction will be, to let things take their course as regards the
licenses & the gold digging, but to prevent, if he can, & if he cannot,
immediately report upon, any proceedings inconsistent with the assertion
of British dominion in the territory? In the mean time you are aware of
the difficulty which prevents his being armed with a Lieut. Governor's
Commission.
9
HM
May 31
This describes a dangerous state of things, wh it is clear cannot
long last. The next
mail leaves on the 16th and it ought to take out
instructions to the Govr but those instructions must depend upon the
course wh is adopted with reference to the Law
opinion
10
wh passed me yesterday.
mail leaves on the 16th and it ought to take out
instructions to the Govr but those instructions must depend upon the
course wh is adopted with reference to the Law
opinion
10
wh passed me yesterday.
C
June 1
I must leave this to Mr Merivale's judgment, being unable to
deal with it now, and an early answer being required. The most
essential part is to see if the Lieut. Gov's Commission cannot
be granted, the present legal obstacles notwithstanding.
S
June 3
Footnotes
- = Douglas to Labouchere, 29 December 1857, No. 35, 2084, CO 305/8, p. 271.
- = Illegible [Honeci Derce?] Similar notation CO 60/1, p. 316??
-
Early references to "Great Falls" on the Fraser are confusing. Douglas here
obviously refers to rapids almost
between Lillooet and Williams Lake, but in a later despatch (Douglas to Stanley, 10 June 1858, No. 24, 7828, CO 60/1, p. 29, par. 11), he locates the Great Falls as
forty miles beyond the confluence of Thompson's River.
By contrast, Hell's Gate was known variously as "The Falls" or Big Cañon. Cf. Douglas to Labouchere, 8 May 1858, No. 19, 6113, CO 60/1, p. 10. - Porphyry is a type of igneous rock in which one kind of crystal is much larger than the rest. Coarse-grained granite containing large crystals of feldspar is known as granite porphyry.
- = 28 Dec 57, declaring rights of crown The proclamation, untitled and unnumbered, is dated 28 December 1857, and is enclosed in Douglas to Labouchere, 29 December 1857, No. 35, 2084, CO 305/8, p. 271; it is published in the Victoria Gazette, 2 September 1858. Check?? Cf. Douglas to Lytton, 30 August 1858, No. 37, 10344, CO 60/1, p. 134 and Douglas to Lytton, 26 October 1858, No. 6, 12724, CO 60/1, p. 245.
- The H.M.S. Satellite, a 21-gun screw corvette of 1,462 tons, Capt. James Charles Prevost, was engaged in surveying the maritime portion of the international boundary. Prevost left England on 23 December 1856 and arrived at Esquimalt on 13 June 1857. Source?? Check Maritime Museum of British Columbia, Bulletin, or dossiers prepared by Rear-Admiral P.W. Brock Plumper was engaged on coast survey. Add from BCHN.
- = of lower Fraser The sketch, which has been removed from the file, is published in .Great Britain, Correspondence Relative to the Discovery of Gold in the Fraser's River District, in British North America (London: George Edward Eyre and William Spottiswoode, 1858), ff. p. 10.
- R. Geol: Society = Royal Geographical Society The Royal Geographical Society was founded on 24 May 1830 as the Geographical Society of London; its purpose was to assist in the pursuit of geographical research and exploration around the world. The Society aided such notable expeditions as the first crossing of the African continent by David Livingstone in 1853, Sir Ernest Henry Shacketon's expedition to the South Pole in 1908-09, and ,more recently, Sir Edmund Hillary's successful ascent of Mount Everest. See Ian Cameron, To the Farthest Ends of the Earth: The History of the Royal .Geographical Society, 1830-1980 (London: Macdonald and Jane's, 1980). Check text; should "l" be superscript??
- minutes, Lieut. Governors Commission = for the mainland NEED?? 5898, CO 6/26, p.3, Kelly & Cairns to Lytton, 19th Jan. 1858, enclosing Lt. Gov commission on mainland.
- NEED?? 5060, Law Officers to Colonial Office, 25 May 1858, CO 6/26, p.24 regarding the difficulty of moving government to the mainland.
- FIND 5869