institute a militia, adopt a standard of weights and measures, and survey a new road into the Willamette Valley.4 Amongst his propositions, Abernethy was also a strong advocate for: strong schools, a pilot service to assist ships attempting to travel across the Columbia River, and an easier system for land claims.5
immediate and prompt actionmindset after the Whitman Massacre.7 In 1849, Oregon officially became a territory and along with this change, Abernethy's position of provisional governor ended; however, he remained in Oregon City until a flood destroyed his house in 1861 which pushed him to move to Portland.8
active and conspicuous in laying the foundation of a great common-wealth.9 During his life -- before and after his move to Portland -- Abernethy was a major philanthropist. In 1847, he contributed to the Clackamas County Female Seminary, and in 1856 he purchased Portland's first fire engine. Today, Abernethy's (also spelt “Abernathy”) name appears on a school and neighborhood in Portland, and a creek and island in Clackamas County.10
from the 1st day of June to the 1st day of October, the Company have taken up 10,000 ounces, equal to One Hundred and Sixty Thousand Dollars,approximately $3 million today.1 This is an impressive revenue for a man who, according to Douglas, had no previous mining experience.
… federation has in this case specially been a matter of most delicate treaty and compact between the provinces,became one of legal bases in the ongoing debate concerning the nature of Confederation.4 Raised to the peerage in 1878, he continued to make speeches in the Lords and write letters to the Times on educational and colonial affairs.5
testifying to Lord's capabilities and worth,in a document enclosed within the application.
the emigrators rules or conditionsrequired for Vancouver Island.1
Queen Charlotte Islandsin 1852.
a very hearty breakfastthat might have included sturgeon.3 A report of his journey was published in 1802,4 and though Galiano's conclusions about the economic potential of the area were generally positive, the Spanish government declined a massive colonial effort there, since Galiano did not find the Northwest Passage.5 He thus concluded his naval career in other parts of the world, with which these despatches are not concerned.6
free grantsof land in the colony based on their years of service.2 Alexander was informed that as he was a chaplain, and not a regular officer, he did not qualify for the grants. Henry Pelham Fiennes Pelham Clinton, the fifth Duke of Newcastle, noted in the file that
Chaplains have not the qualifications for settling a country which Military & Naval Officers have…3
Not Known.5 He was ordained deacon in 1852, priested in 1853, and held the position of Rector of Colwick from 1874 until his death in 1896 at the age of seventy.6
formerly Commander of the Niger exploring expeditionof 1841-42. The mission was considered unsuccessful due to high mortality rates from disease. Allen, then captain of the Wilberforce, was not blamed for the expedition's failure but placed on half pay when he returned to England.1 He retired from the Navy in 1855 and promoted to retired rear-admiral in 1862.2
Mr. Allison's claim produces £10 a day, for each man employed.4
got rid of the House of Apes,the Assembly of Vancouver Island.2 When British Columbia joined confederation in 1871, he requested that the imperial government transfer him since he could see
no hope of preferment within the Colony, inasmuch as a Responsible form of Government has been established, in which all vacancies will be filled by the political friends of the ministry of the day.3 He left British Columbia in August 1871 and served as queen's advocate in Sierra Leone for a year before succumbing to African fever.4
testifying to Lord's abilities as a veterinary surgeon,in a document enclosed within the application.
not only never thinks of what he is going to say […] he is utterly incapable of remembering what he has said.3 During Anderson's 15 years as bishop, the Red River Settlement was torn by a series of religious and socio-ethnic conflicts, some exacerbated by his junior clerics, and some by the bishop himself.4
far worse than a Venetian oligarchy.3 Angelo became a clerk in the Victoria Customs Office, where he received duties for the province and recorded the transactions in the department books.4 In the summer of 1859, colonial officials discovered
certain irregularities and apparent fraudsin the Customs Office.5 They determined that $800 was missing from the account books.6 In a despatch to Sir Lytton, James Douglas recounts that
suspicion [attaches] strongly to [Angelo].7 Swift proceedings were enacted by the Attorney General and Crown Solicitor against Angelo.8 He was tried and found guilty on 11 August 1859 for embezzling and falsifying the Customs Office accounts.9 Angelo was imprisoned for two months, despite several petitions of release from the public.10 In the Daily Evening Bulletin, Angelo is described as
the life and soul of the Custom House Department… [returning] to the world as a wiser man.11 After his imprisonment, Angelo returned to California as a journalist for a local newspaper, and then joined the Idaho gold rush in 1863, the inspiration for his book, Idaho.12 On30 May 1875, Angelo passed away at the age of 64.13
Arrowsmiths improved map of Vancouver's Island.Mount Arrowsmith on Vancouver Island is named after John and his uncle, Aaron Arrowsmith.2
in the Constabulary or other servicein British Columbia, Atherley was an officer who Bedford had served under
at the time when in consequence of peace the reduction of the army was intended.1 In Atherley's letter, written from his station in Gibraltar at the time, he expresses his regret that Bedford did not remain in his regiment, since Bedford's service gave Atherley
every satisfaction.2
Judge-Advocate of the Fleet, and standing counsel to the Admiraltyin 1855. He was knighted,
as a matter of course,when he was given the position of Solicitor General in 1859. In 1861 he was promoted to Attorney General. He died on 22 January 1864, at the age of fifty-eight.1
will do away with him.After noticing violent intentions from the group, they docked on land where White
refused to go any furtherwith the group. They left White on the island with
clothes…and a little flourwhereupon he was left alone for two days. Subsequently, White was taken 20 miles away from Fort Rupert by a few Indigenous men where they promised to
take [him] to their home.White was ordered to make a fire and then was shot in the shoulder by one of the Indigenous men. White then ran away and hid in a bush for days before he was found by Aylash and three other Indigenous people. Aylash took White to her home, gave him food, and, according to his account,
treated [him] very well.Aylash and the others moved White to various villages before stopping at Sabassah. On 3 October 1862, White was removed from the village of the Kithrahtalah by Commander John Pike. White gave Aylash and her partner, Quoshawahl $15
for their humanity in rescuing him from starvation and providing him with food and lodging for more than 6 weeks.
testifying to Lord's abilities as a veterinary surgeon, and his additional scientific knowledge, as a great benefit during service in the Crimea,in a document enclosed within the application.
no report had been received from the colony on the fate of Pfeiffer,and they should contact the Governor of BC directly.
engage the services of Mr. Bacon as Melter.1 Newcastle's despatch to Douglas, and Douglas's subsequent reply, confirms that Bacon was employed as a melter at the Government Refinery and Assay Office in British Columbia. The office, which had been recently moved from Victoria to New Westminster, processed 1600 ounces of gold dust in one month and, according to Douglas, was
in a state of efficient organization.2 After two years of employment there, Bacon and his co-workers earned Douglas's ire when they requested a salary increase that was deemed
to bear very much the complexion of an attempt upon their part to coerce the Government into a compliance with their demands.3 Bacon and his co-workers claimed that they had
been led to expect by the Master of the Mint that [their] salaries would be increased at an early periodand refused to continue working until the raise was granted.4 The Assay Office insisted on the entitlement promised them by Professor Thomas Graham, but, with an understanding that was
simply a verbal one,Douglas continuously denied their application. In the minutes of Douglas's despatch, Elliot criticizes the assayers and refiners for their
comparative idlenessand calls for
effective discouragementof the Assay Office's strike. Newcastle's reply agrees with Elliot, stating that
to yield to an official strike in such a colony as B.C. would be fatal.5
captives in the hands of the Indians, who had stripped them of everything.4 The crew sent the HBC a plea for help, but they were ignored because the HBC viewed them as an American threat to their gold prospects at Haida Gwaii.5 Captain Balch went to their aid and managed to safely ransome all the detainees.6
a shrewd careful magistrate, extremely methodical and correct in all his official transactions.3 He served in a similar capacity in the Kootenays and Quesnel.4 In 1867 he was appointed a member of the BC Legislative Council for Cariboo West.5 He retired in 1881 and spent the rest of his life in San Francisco.6
great excitement among the American population of that quarterat the discovery of gold in Haida Gwaii.
daily activitiesand languages of these Indigenous communities.1 Publishing his ethnographic writings in the Daily Victoria Gazette, academics and politicians at that time regarded Banfield
a foremost authority on the cultures and territories of the [Indigenous] people.2 For those reason, Sir James Douglas selected Banfield as
the idea candidate for Indian Agent for the southwest coast of Vancouver Islandin 1859, shortly after the “Swiss Boy affair”—in which the merchant brig was “plundered” by the Huu-ay-aht and Tseshaht peoples in Barkley Sound—had damaged relations between the British and the Huu-ay-aht.3
agreement for land usein Barkley Sound, where colonial investors wanted to
build and operate a forestry milland settle on the
productive land.4 In 1859, Chiefs Tliishin and Howeesem “assented” to Banfield's land purchase agreement by
affixing strips of sacred cedar barkto the document; however, considering the conventions of Huu-ay-aht law,
Tliishin likely considered Banfield's payments as rent or homage rather than purchase.5 As one scholar argues, Banfield effectively
prepared the ground for and managed the arrival of colonistsin Barkley Sound, using violence, and threats thereof, when “necessary.”6
accusations of foul playinvolving Chief Tliishin.7 After threatening violence against the Huu-ay-aht community, the British arrested three men who were supposedly involved in the death of Banfield, but who were all acquitted before a judge on account of weak evidence.8
It's good to be getting the land back, but we had to pay a lot more for it than the blankets and beads in those days.9
It is the last place in the globe to which (were I going to emigrate) I should select as an abode(Galbraith, 285).
another respectable traveller from Carriboo,there to mine for gold, and who knew, reports Douglas, of
one company of four men working on Antler Creek, who each receive 1000 dollars a week from their mining claim.
gentlemen who bear a high character in the Colony, for general intelligence and integrity.5
succeeded to the baronetcyin 1848, became chief clerk in 1870, and retired in 1872.5
merry fellow of rather affected mannerwith a
genial nature.7
dead or alive.4 This incident would evolve into a complex and dramatic court-case in which Beardmore would give testimony, which Pelly mentions in this letter to Grey.
nearly resembling that of proconsul and consul than that of judge and governor.5 Begbie was appointed as the first Chief Justice of the province of British Columbia in 1871.6
an autocrat of autocrats, hard, irascible, and given to handing down the most extraordinary judgements.7 Posthumously, he became known as “The Hanging Judge,” but popular opinion is divided on this title.8 Biographer David R. Williams argues that Begbie
was stern, but the criminal law of the time was also stern and Begbie could do little to soften its rigours,and he asserts that
Begbie from his earliest days in British Columbia admired Indians as a race and liked them as individuals.9 However, Begbie's inflexible application of English Law on Indigenous communities resulted in a disproportionate number of executions of Indigenous Peoples: 22 out of the 27 people he sentenced to death were Indigenous.10
to act as a law unto himself, and as there was no Court of Appeal nearer than London, he generally got his way.11 One example of this is Bebgie's sentences following the Chilcotin War, in which a group of Tŝilhqot'in individuals killed men who were working on the Bute road in 1864.12 Although the Tŝilhqot'in were protecting their territory from encroachment, Judge Begbie sentenced six Tŝilhqot'in Chiefs to death.13 In a conversation with James Douglas, Begbie revealed his approach to sentencing practices:
My idea is that, if a man insists upon behaving like a brute, after fair warning, and won't quit the Colony, beat him like a brute and flog him.14 Begbie established a British law in Canada that prioritized justice for European settlers but not for Indigenous Peoples. This disproportionate incarceration of Indigenous Peoples continues today.15
whether Government offers to approvable Emigrants free passages to British Columbia.At the time of his enquiry, he was living on Blackness Farm in Dundee, Scotland. In reply, Bell was informed that the government did not provide free passage for approvable emigrants.
Ordinance or Actestablishing a Supreme Court on the island could not
be properly assented to by the Crownnor could it
have the force of law.5 In 1856, Bethell wrote Permanent Under Secratery Merivale discussing the legal limits of the Governor's power on Vancouver Island.6 The same year, Bethell was involved in the discussion about which offices would be the benefactors of the revenue from the purchase of the Hudson's Bay land on Vancouver Island by the British government. Also, the Hudson's Bay Company wanted to know if they had any claim to land on British Columbia, as their trading rights there predated the terms set by the Treaty of Oregon of 1846. Bethell responded that they had no claim to land in British Columbia.7
a native of Francethat left Cariboo on 1 August 1861.1 He had spent about a month mining in Cariboo and in that time acquired $4500 worth of gold dust. According to Bijou, he was not so fortunate, as others were making as much as $1000 a day. Bijou had mined in California before,
but never saw a Gold-field so rich as Cariboo.2
his autocratic management stylein his department and the Colonial Office as a whole.8 He was married to Catherine Isabella, daughter of a London shipping engineer, and had two children with her.9 In 1920, Blake passed away due to a heart attack.10
continual attacks of ague and subsequent relapses.
continual attacks of ague.
dead or alive,and the sailors were subsequently killed.3 However, the HBC found no merit to these claims upon investigation of the event.4
zeal and activitywere noted by HBC Governor Eden Colvile, who promoted him to chief trader of Fort Rupert in 1855.5 However, he left to take charge of Fort Colvile in the US.6 He returned to Victoria only three years later where he spent his remaining years involved in mining and farming exploits before becoming the Indian agent of the Kwahkewith agency in 1881.7 While in office he protected native fishing rights, encouraged Indigenous employment in salmon canneries, and tried to abolish the illegal liquor trade on the coast.8
gentleman of great intelligenceby James Douglas and a
courageous, good-natured, active intelligent Cornishmanby Helmcken.9 Blenkinsop Lake and valley, Blenkinsop Bay, and Blenkinsop Islet were all named after him following his death in 1904.10
independent of the Hudson's Bay Company.1
qualified in point of character or education to fill the office.6 However, Douglas later complained that the magistrates were incompetent, and decided to establish a Supreme Court of Civil Justice on Vancouver Island under his brother-in-law, David Cameron. Blinkhorn joined another petition sent to Queen Victoria, complaining about Douglas's nepotism, but ultimately failed.7
It is only 5 or 6 weeks more that pack trains come in here, and then we can get any price for them … You bet I would soak into them. The Country is alright, there is more gold in it as there was in California, dont say nothing to nobody.
disbursementhas been made by his department. He requests that the amount
be paid to Her Majesty's Paymaster General to the credit of the Vote for Lighthouses abroad.Bowring died on 8 August 1911.2
European and Asiatic Intercourse via British Columbia by means of a Main Through Trunk Railway from the Atlantic to the Pacific.3 He subsequently wrote Lytton proposing a meeting; but was dismissed by Merivale as a “monomania[c].”4 Broun was later the director of the Paris-Dieppe Railway.
one enterprising proprietorwho had
discovered on his ground, a large tract of excellent land, which certainly cannot be surpassed in point of fertility or quality of soil.
took to the woods,intent on meeting the England at a different port, but the men were killed by local First Nations, likely members of the Kwaguʼł Tribe, apparently on Blenkinsop's orders.2 According to Morseby, as seen in a transcribed enclosure to Parker, John to Peel, Frederick 28 November 1851, CO 305:3, no. 10075, 215, Brown told Blenkinsop, who was temporarily in charge of the fort in McNeill's absence, that the offering of a reward
for their Headswas
a rash thing.
a remarkably well conducted and inoffensive young man.
Lady Bruce…was buried in the Bruce mausoleum in old Dunboe churchyard,where, presumably, Bruce was buried thereafter.9
distressed British subject, such as Burke, to be granted passage home.2 As this custom only applied to distressed British soldiers, Stamp had substituted
subjectin for “soldier” on the official document.3 Requesting that Stamp be informed of his error, the British Government paid for Burke's passage; Stamp had left his position prior to Newcastle's reply, however, Douglas informed Stamp's successor of the mistake.4
The Indians are very particular about their style of blanket and its quality; quite as much so, indeed, as Ladies are about the fashion of their attire.Burnaby continued,
the moment they see you want something they double their demands.9
hot headednessduring the San Juan Island Dispute could have
risked a collision.13
party of rowdies from Hill's Bar.Warrants were issued for the arrest of him and another miner by the name of Farrell after an incident in which a group of miners allegedly beat a black barber named Dixon. Burns was subsequently acquitted of the charge when Dixon was unable to recognize him.
packing all places in the Colony with his ‘Creatures.'2 However, Begbie's letter of reference convinced British officials of Bushby's character. Douglas later managed to persuade them on all other points.
immediate employmentwithCaptain Parsons' company in order to
render essential assistance with reference to the disposal of the mining Population now in [British Columbia], towards productive operations, [and to] prevent their withdrawal from the Country.4 Cadell composed reports for the CO on how to develop mining in British Columbia 5 and wrote to the prime minister to implement these
colonial developmentplans. 6 From 1858 to 1860, Cadell,
without solicitation or encouragement,sent a
score of letters7 to the Colonial Office
in quest of Government employment in the New Colony.8 Despite his fervent desire to improve the
permanent population and the production of gold,Cadell was not hired by any colonial officials.9 Many of his letters to the office were deemed
not to be answered,and despatch minutes reveal that officials thought
Mr. Cadell [was] not right in the head.10 Cadell had an independent career in gold mining and colonial operations without the aid of a Colonial Office appointment. In the 1870s, Cadell invented
Gold Washing Machinery,11 and a gold extracting sifter.12 Additionally, Cadell was an auditor for the city of Victoria in the 1870s.13 On 9 May 1883, Cadell passed away at the age of 73.14
a name which goes down to Posterity associated with theWilliam is related to P. Cadell.Carronade.
a companyin British Columbia: Douglas, James to Pelham-Clinton, Henry Pelham Fiennes 17 December 1859, CO 305:11, no. 1545, 387 references a private letter sent by Caird to abandon this intention.
impossible.9 And on 1 August 1859, Prevost wrote James Douglas commenting on Campbell's conduct stating,
Upon arrival there [Semiahoo Bay] I found that Mr. Campbell had been absent for about a fort-night.Prevost also reported that Campbell had been on the Shubrick,
professedly on a deer shooting excursion.10 Nonetheless, Campbell would serve again as US Commissioner surveying the Rocky Mountains to the easternmost point of Lake of the Woods from 1872 to 1874.11 Campbell died in Washington D.C. on 27 July 1887.
of mixed good and ill.6
with the intention of settling,but ended up
leaving the colony in disgust,in reaction to the HBC's apparent monopoly of Vancouver Island lands.
a collision between the Settlers and the Nativesin the Fraser and Thompson River regions. He warned that without intervention by the colonial authorities, the conflict
will soon ripen into a deadly war of races.He also suggested that
Native title should be recognized in British Columbia, and that some reasonable adjustments of their claims should be made by the British Government.Chesson described First Peoples in the colony of BC's as
acute and intelligentand
keenly sensitive in regard to their own rights as the aborigines of the Country.
love of freedom.It was
very naturalthat he should
interesthimself in the welfare of
the four millions of slaves in the Southern States.3 Chesson organized and worked for a wide range of humanitarian organizations, from the Emancipation Society, which lobbied against British recognition of the Confederate States, to the APS.4 He was also a campaigner and supporter of the Liberal party. In 1855, Chesson became the assistant secretary of the APS and then its secretary in 1866.5 Because the position did not pay much, Chesson also worked as a journalist for the Morning Star and the South Australian Register.6
Mr. Chesson will long be remembered in connection with the lifelong pursuit of the most honourable, philanthropic, and Christian object.7
extended the surveys and organized the sale of more than half a million acres, especially near the goldfields, so that the cultivated area doubled in twelve months.5 By 1856, he had advocated for the passing of a democratic constitution for the colony. The same year he won a seat in parliament as the liberal representative from South Melbourne and in the following year he helped achieve universal male suffrage.6 In addition, Clarke held positions such as the Grandmason of the Freemasons in Victoria, the first Presidency of the Victoria Philosophical Institute and was lovingly nicknamed “Spicy Andrew”.7
liberal views of the writer,except for the payment of sales.10 Douglas believed that buyers should not have to pay deposits upfront, as this might hinder the speed colonial development.11 Douglas thought Clarke's report applied well to a landscape such as Victoria, but failed to account for the climate and frontiers of British Columbia in his estimations.12
proclamation of the 18th of March 1861,which contains information related to his enquiry.
there are not any grounds on which the Company is entitled to claim against the Crown the absolute ownership of any of the Lands, occupied or used in British Columbia before the Treaty of Oregon.4 In 1856, he was made Attorney General; a post he kept until he was appointed the Chief Justice on the Queen's Bench in 1859.5 He died 20 November 1880 at his home at the age of 78.
had established a considerable reputation as a City accountant by the late 1840s and was often called by the Bank of England to investigate the solvency of suspect firms, including Trueman & Cook, colonial brokers.2 Coleman died on 6 November 1868, at the age of sixty.
ready to submitthe question to Sir John Coleridge as suggested by Secretary Merivale.7 Coleridge agreed to arbitrate the dispute if needed. However, the matter never came under his observation as it was
refused on part of the government.8
disappointed and indignantgroup to represent them
in the hope that he would be able to bring their swindler to justice.1 Sleigh evaded the law by fleeing England, and Collingwood's appeals to the Colonial Office for assistance were rebuffed, but he was able to secure judgements for damages against most of the company's directors in civil court.2
400 of Her Majesty's seamen and marinesinto the Cowichan valley in the search for
the culprit.2 Governor James Douglas was so impressed with Connolly's
extraordinary meritthat, in his report of the expedition, he recommended Connolly receive a promotion.3 Henry Labouchere responded to Douglas stating that copies of his recommendation had been forwarded
to the Board of Admiralty.4 Just over a year later, Connolly was promoted to Captain on 5 February 1858.5 He remained in the Royal Navy as a captain until 21 December 1871 when he retired.6
an Officer of the Companywho has arrived in the colony to begin work on a telegraph line that would run across British Columbia.1 Although it is uncertain where exactly the telegraph wire will run through, Conway is in favour of carrying it along Okanagan Lake, by the Salmon River to Kamloops Lake, along the Thompson River to Bonaparte River, and after that
along the great high road of the Colony as far as Quesnel Mouth.2 The line would continue to follow the Fraser River as far as Fort George then
strike across country to Forts Macleod and Babine and afterwards proceed down the Valley of Simpson River to the Sea at Observatory Inlet.3
many years.2 Enquiries by the HBC found that Cook was employed
at the coal mine belonging to [the HBC] at Nanaimofrom 1853 to 1859, although the company was not sure if he was still working there.3
a complete sinecure.On 12 January 1860, Cooper won a seat in the House of Assembly for Esquimalt and Metchosin district on a reform ticket but was obliged to resign when the Colonial Office ordered him to take up residence in New Westminster.4 Following the extension of British Columbia's jurisdiction over Vancouver Island in 1866, Cooper returned to Victoria in 1867 as harbour master of Victoria and Esquimalt, but he resigned this position on 27 January 1869 to become a hotel keeper and wine merchant in Victoria.5
the assembling of Indians in considerable numbers on the spot…would be objectionable and calculated to injure respectability.4 On 26 November 1861, Cooper was appointed, amongst other members, to a committee with the responsibility to
draw up a set of rules for the organization and management of a hospital.5 By 13 February 1862, Cooper was elected as the treasurer on the first Board of Managers for the Royal Columbia Hospital.6
absconding fundsas $687 was missing soon after Cooper took his leave of absence to England.7 For the next two years, Cooper's position was questioned and eventually in 1866-1867 his direct and official connection to the colony of British Columbia was terminated.8 After Cooper's “resignation,” he left for Australia; although, it is unclear how long Cooper remained there as his date of death is unknown.
a man's rights.5 Beyond Copland's struggles to become an official attorney for Vancouver Island, upon his arrival in Victoria, he initially presented himself as a land agent -- helping those who wished to obtain cheap land settlements -- primarily on Salt Spring Island.6 As a solicitor he advocated for the settlers on Salt Spring. The petition he circulated to promote their settlement on the island, was equally a petition to dispossess Indigenous Territory.7
supplementary lawCopland introduced which prohibited
persons from harboring squaws, a by-law to introduce
sanitary regulationsto the
disgraceful scenesof Indigenous women at the height of the smallpox epidemic.9 It is unclear how long Copland remained in his positions as his date of death is unknown, but his ads as a solicitor -- to sell land lots -- appear in the newspaper until at least 1865.10
club-lawand overall anti-settlement attitude that existed in HBC territory.
possessory rightsof the HBC to its land and property north of the Columbia, the company had continued trouble with American settlers who took up claims to its land around Fort Vancouver. In order to protect some of the HBC's land claims, Crate filed personal land claims around the mill, which may have led to his decision to stay at the Fort after the HBC decided to relocate its operations to Fort Victoria in 1860. Crate was ordered to ship the milling equipment north, but only sent the equipment not fixed to the mill. The rest of the equipment he kept for his own and then later sold.3
highly esteemed and respected by all his hearers.2
state church,which
of all things [is] most unpopular to North Americans.7 The colony's Assembly declined Cridge's request for an income, but Cridge appealed to the HBC to follow through on their promise to grant him land.8 Neither the HBC, the Colonial Office, nor the Bishop of Columbia objected to Cridge taking on the parsonage and glebe for his own use.9 However, in a move of religious tolerance (or diplomacy), Newcastle instructed Douglas to allow all Christian sects to continue using the graveyard.10
plunderedby local Indigenous people. According to this letter, Crittle
had his jacket cut thro' the breast with a knife, in an attempt to stab him.
high characterand his professional abilities, describing him as
well-fitted to fill any appointment requiring the greatest energy and responsibility.
not a credible witnessbecause he exchanged favours with George Simpson.1
an ocean railway,between Britain and Halifax. The following year he organized the British and North American Royal Mail Steam-Packet Company, the corporate predecessor of the Cunard Line. He was knighted in 1859 for his service and that of his company during the Crimean War.
a native of Kentucky, and discoverer of William's Creek,opened the Cunningham Mine in 1861 with three partners. Over the course of 4 months, 18,450 ounces of gold, valued at three hundred thousand dollars was raised. In Douglas, James to Pelham-Clinton, Henry Pelham Fiennes 27 October 1862, CO 60:13, no. 12259, 426, gold statistics for the Cunningham mine from 1861 - 1862 are highlighted to illustrate the
true character of the Caribou gold-fields.
Cushing, Bagley and many other Hill's Bar men are in San Francisco doing well.
Police Magistrate in the Gold Fields at Ballarat,as well as
Commissioner of Crown Lands and Deputy Sheriff in Victoria,but was forced from his positions after facing allegations of misconduct. While living in England in 1858, D'Ewes planned to emigrate to British Columbia, and was able to secure a letter of reference from Edward Bulwer Lytton, Secretary of State for the Colonies, based on
the representation of various Gentlemen who vouched for his respectability of character.Shortly after providing the letter, Lytton learned of D'Ewes's past and wrote to warn colonial governor James Douglas, but misspelled
D'Ewesas
Dewes.2 When Douglas chose to appoint an acting postmaster in Victoria, he did not recall Lytton's warning and, on the strength of Lytton's original reference, as well as
other letters and testimonials bearing evidence to his abilities, literary attainments, and to the position which he held in Society,gave D'Ewes the position. D'Ewes seemed to perform well, and, according to Douglas,
maintained his reputation with the public for being attentive, energetic, and most obliging in carrying out the functions of his not very enviable office.3 In September 1861, D'Ewes left Vancouver Island for
a shooting excursion to the Columbia Riverbut, rather than return to the colony, continued on to England. His disgraced family followed shortly after.4 It wasn't long before it was discovered that, in addition to abandoning his wife, children, position, and unpaid debt, D'Ewes had embezzled an estimated £1000 from the post office.5 In early December 1861, perhaps hoping he could collect some additional salary before the news from Vancouver Island caught up with him, D'Ewes
calledat the Colonial Office in London and told staff that he
intended to return to the Colony by the next opportunity.6 Then he disappeared. In April 1862, Victoria's Daily British Colonist newspaper reported that D'Ewes had
committed suicide by blowing out his brains, at Homburg, a watering place in Germany.7
sharp practice[s]and was often involved in land disputes between the Crown and the HBC.3 In 1859, Dallas argued for company claim over extensive land in British Columbia, which sparked a two year negotiation. In 1861, Dallas attempted to sell the last waterfront land in the Victoria's business area, despite Douglas's desire to build government offices in that space. Dallas also sold a plot of land to Leopold Lowenberg in 1861. Questions around the legitimacy of this sale resulted in fours years of debate.
Vancouver's Island Steam Sawing Mill and Agriculture Company.
Amalgamate his Companywith the British Columbia Overland Company. The Duke of Newcastle comments that
Dawson's character by no means stands high in Canada and his statements are open to suspicion.
what [he] loved most, viz: Love of order, beauty, the world, the universe.3 Then, in 1858, De Cosmos moved to Vancouver Island following his brother, Charles Smith, who had previously started a small business in the area.4 Cosmos would have a profound impact on the future of Vancouver Island and British Columbia.
in our local politics we shall be found the sure friend of reform.6 Indeed, Cosmos would dedicate his political career to reforms, especially of British hierarchal institutions. Cosmos was extremely critical of Governor James Douglas's ties to the Hudson's Bay Company, enforcement of old social orders, and open displays of nepotism.7 Cosmos believed that colonization had been impeded by Douglas and his selfish interests.8
unsound of mindin 1895.17 Cosmos remained in Victoria until his death on 4 July 1897.
prevent the landing of further armed parties of the United States.4 De Courcy soon reported back to Douglas, advising against any further aggressive military provocations.5 Thereafter, De Courcy spent time patrolling regions like the Fraser River and Esquimalt.6 The De Courcy Island group, located near the Gulf Islands, was named in his honor.7
premier Baron.2 De Courcy enlisted in the military by the time he reached the age of 17 in 1838, where he entered the 47th Foot and served here until 1849, and in 1853 he was appointed as a Major for the Crimean War.3
pompous, passionate, and indiscreetbut overall a brave and competent officer.8 Other interesting facts that the article emphasized was his suspected involvement in “The Pig War” on account of de Courcy
committingan American citizen for trespassing as he had allowed his pig to cross over to the part of land deemed as British,9 this is not proven but likely asserted to demonstrate de Courcy's
eccentric personalityas a military officer.10
Treasurer of Buckingham and niece of Lord Chief Justice Tindal), in 1833.1 At 56 years of age, on January 9, 1889, De Veulle passed away in Victoria, survived by his wife and four daughters, one of which was
a member of a Protestant sisterhood in India.2 He lived at 118 Fort Street, and is interred in Ross Bay Cemetery.3
experienced officer who had served in the Baltic during the Crimean War and had survived the explosion on board the HMS Bombay,replaced Captain Bazalgette, the English commandant stationed there, in 1867.1 Until the British departed from San Juan in 1872, Captain Delacombe was the commandant of the Royal Marine detachment at the English Camp, on the northern end of the Island, where he lived with his wife (Isabella Anne Harris, 1835-1922) and children.2
relaxed relationsuntil the balance was offset by the arrival of a new American officer with a higher rank.5 In response, Captain Delacombe requested the promotion of his own rank to Lieutenant Colonel, to set the two officers on “equal footing.”6 However, Rear Admiral George Fowler Hastings (Commander-in-Chief in the Pacific) opposed and prevented the promotion.7
4 or 5 privates, with 10 volunteersto rescue the shipwrecked crew of the Georgianna.
better to be decidedly wrong than undecidedly right.3
Wakeekos was attempting to stab Dickand Dick
shot [Wakeekos] with a small gun or pistol.Upon the recommendation of the Chief Justice Joseph Needham, Dick was sentenced to
imprisonment for lifeon 6 April 1866.
retrenchment-- to cut back on the colony's spending -- and on amalgamating the Coroner's Office with that of the Stipendiary Magistrate of Victoria.7 Other members of the Legislative Assembly decided that it was against English Law to remove Dickson without a concrete cause; nonetheless, others considered the removal of Dickson a
good riddance.8 It is unclear if or when Dickson's removal occurred, what was more often stated in newspapers, such as the Chronicle, was primarily the debates over his imminent dismissal.9 Due to this uncertainty, it is unclear how long Dickson held his position besides the known six years he was Coroner, and because his death is also unknown -- Dickson and his later life remain a mystery.
plunderedfrom the Una at Neah Bay.
au façon du pays(custom of the country). In 1839, they had a church marriage at Fort Vancouver before finally settling at Fort Victoria in 1849 with their four daughters. Once in Victoria, Connolly-Douglas had two other children.3 When James Douglas was knighted in 1863, Amelia Douglas became known to the public as “Lady Douglas.” Although she originally kept to the
social background,she became increasingly comfortable in her role as the governor's wife, winning the hearts of many guests who visited the Douglas's home. One of Connolly-Douglas's contemporaries, Lady Franklin, described her as having a
gentle, simple & kindly matter.4
very active woman, energetic, and industrious,as she actively performed her role of maintaining the house and producing food.5 She continued in this role, and further grew in her “public persona,” after the death of her husband. Widowhood, as historian Adele Perry describes, was a time of relative independence and engagement in society for women. Conolly-Douglas's good standing within society is clearly shown in her obituary upon her death on 8 January 1890; the Daily Colonist described her as having
unvarying kindnessand
unostentatious Christian charity.6
deficientfor having leading officials who were married to Indigenous women; and they further expressed their own unhappiness that Indigenous Peoples would rank higher than them in the social hierarchy, such as Connolly-Douglas who held the position of the governor's wife.7
at liberty to hunt over unoccupied lands, and to carry on [their] fisheries as formerly.15 These rights continue to be violated today.16
the Society's missionary to the Indians in Vancouver Island,he arrived in Victoria with his wife on 2 February 1859.3 Dowson embarked on a tour of the Pacific coast two weeks later, travelling as far north as Fort Simpson, leaving his wife behind to fend for herself in their new home.4 In June 1859, he reported that he was living in a
little dilapidated school-housethat was
some distance from any considerable number of Indians.5 Dowson and his wife struggled in the colony and returned to England in early 1860 due to her
impaired health.6 He served as Rector of St. John's in Belize City, British Honduras, from 1861 to 1870 and was forty-seven years old when he died in 1875.7
he is remarkably zealous in the discharge of his duties.3
overbearing conduct,though this criticism was not substantial.4 Not much else is known of Duncan besides him being a frequent visitor of Honolulu and having contributed to the establishment of the Seaman's Chapel there.5 His date of death and what he did after his retirement is unknown.
granted a man 150 acres of land who had only to build a cabin and twirl his thumbs.4
first CMS missionary to arrive in Vancouver Island,given the task of establishing a mission around Fort Simpson.2 At the invitation of Rev. Edward Cridge, Duncan stayed at the rectory of Christ's Church, acting as the secretary of the Indian Improvement Committee in Victoria until departing for Fort Simpson in October, 1857.3
Duncan had come to the conclusion that if the work he was carrying on should have any permanent results, it would be necessary to remove those of the Indians, who had become subject to the power of the Gospel, from the evil influences of the heathen homes and surroundings.5 So, with the approval of Governor Douglas in 1860, Duncan set out to establish
a permanent Protestant missionary settlementin Metlakatla.6
model Christian villagein Metlakatla pledged to follow.7 It was widely acknowledged by scholars contemporary to him that, to the Tsimshian, following the first five rules that restricted their
religious ritesand
national customswould be like
cutting of the right hand or plucking out the right eye.8 Life in the protestant Missionary settlement started changing rapidly when, in 1879, Rev. William Ridley was consecrated as the Bishop of the diocese of Caledonia and choose Metlakatla as the seat of his See.9 Duncan and Ridley disagreed widely on how the missionary project was to be pursued, especially on the question of administering Christian sacraments (such as baptism and communion) to the Tsimshian, which Duncan adamantly opposed.10
white land-grabbers,Duncan and the Tsimshian began to dismantle the buildings in the settlement, leaving the site altogether and establishing “New” Metlakatla (with ~800 Tsimshian),
under the protection of the stars and stripes,in 1887.12
notoriety and acclaim,catching the attention of Governor Douglas (in the 1860s), and then the federal government (in the 1870s).13 One scholar argues that Duncan, who prepared reports during the 1870s for the Federal and Provincial governments on his experiences in Metlakatla, articulated
a new kind of assimilationist policy that would inform, at least in part, the Indian Act that was passedin 1876, an Act which
became the legal foundation for the state's organized assault on Indigenous lifewaysthrough Canada's Residential School system.14
whole system … would be wholly, and totally inapplicable to the nursing of a young Colony.1
Case,attached to an 1847 despatch, that detailed the complex legal arguments surrounding the HBC's position.2
leading frivolous lives,Dunsmuir retreated to a solitary life on his estate at Hatley Park. Dunsmuir spent many of his later years hunting and fishing at his lodge on the Cowichan River, where he died in 1920.5
idealistic noblemanfound the French-Canadian population less socially progressive than their English counterparts-- he recommended the assimilation of French Canadians into their
superiorculture.9
marauding party of Kake and Stikin[e] Indians, numbering a couple of hundredlanded at Whidbey Island and murdered Ebey at his home.2
warm friend and admirer of Ebey,returned the following year, aboard the Labouchere, and managed to acquire the scalp from the Kake in exchange for
a liberal reward.4 The Washington Legislative Assembly issued a resolution noting that Dodd had
risk[ed] his life and that of his crew, as well as the loss of his steamer, in his attempt to recover [the scalp of Ebey].5
4 or 5 barrels of powder.3 Later, he told Reverend William Henry Collison that the ship's capture and destruction was executed by the northern Haida tribes.4 Scowall, on the other hand, testifies that Edenshaw was involved from the beginning, and that he was responsible for the burning of the vessel.5 Winnet gives an equally damning statement, claiming that Edenshaw did nothing to prevent the Masset tribe from overpowering the crew.6 Due to the contradictory accounts given and the compromising involvement of each witness in the event, Douglas concludes that Prevost's investigation is unable to come to any conclusion as to who
the authors of that outrageare,7 though Rooney's statement attributes his and his crew's rescue to Edenshaw.8 Haida oral histories, and some accounts reported to Collison by several Haida at the time, rebuke this version of events, alleging that Edenshaw was responsible for planning the attack.9
nephewof the former chief, he attempted to become town chief.11 Edenshaw notably exploited his good relationship with settlers in order to legitimize his claims, a practice that conflicts with Haida tradition in which chiefship cannot be determined by anyone outside of the Haida clan.12 Despite his controversial legacy among some Haida, Edenshaw has been remembered in popular history as a great contributor in preserving Haida culture and serves as the protagonist of Christie Harris's award-winning novel, Raven's Cry. He is also known for his skill as an artist and carver, skills which he passed on to his similarly famous nephew and successor, Charles Edenshaw.
like any other fraud.7 Passed over for permanent under-secretary in 1860, Elliot retired in 1868 and was knighted for his service.8
their deep sorrow at the late melancholy bereavement which has deprived Her Majesty of a beloved and affectionate Husband, and the Nation at large of a wise and good Prince.It is clear that Prince Albert was highly regarded by the people of B.C.
no report had been received from the colony on the fate of Pfeiffer,and they should contact the Governor of BC directly.
accomplish the largest possible results with the smallest possible meansquite seriously and were
determined that their work…would not admit of failure;Ross died the next year, however, leaving Finlayson as chief officer.5
He is not a man of display, but there is a degree of energy, perseverance, method and sound judgement in all his arrangements.…He is besides a man of great probity and high moral worth.6
they never regret leaving their home but say they are very happy and comfortable.
never regret leaving their home but say they are very happy and comfortable.
never regret leaving their home but say they are very happy and comfortable.
concerning the desertion and thievery of…U.S. soldiersto Vancouver Island.3 Douglas reports that he has not complied with the request to surrender the deserters since
the offences with which those parties are charged… are not such as appear to be within the terms of the Treaty between Great Britain and the United States.4
fondly remembered as a brave pioneer and community leader,was also
an irresponsible, transient womanizer.5 Born in Stafford County, Virginia in 1818, Fitzhugh served in the Virginia legislature and practiced law in California throughout the late 1840s.6 In the early 1850s, he moved to the Pacific Northwest where he became
the most important man in the communityas the head of the Bellingham Bay Coal Company.7 He also held positions as
county auditor, Indian [commissioner], and… as United States District Judge.8 Fitzhugh's time in the Pacific Northwest was rife with scandal;
the people of Washington Territory complain[ed] that [he]…murdered a peaceful citizen, [went] armed with pistols to intimidate people, and [kept] a harem of Indian girls.9
discontent with E-yow-althand
took [her aunt] Xwelas as his second wife.11 Fitzhugh and Xwelas had two sons name Mason and Julius.12 According to Thrush and Keller,
even with two wives, Fitzhugh found that the appeal of domestic life waned,and in the late 1850s he left suddenly for Seattle with Julia, leaving his wives behind.13 Fitzhugh left Julia in Seattle and went on to form two other families in Virginia and again in Iowa.14 Eventually he abandoned them as well and returned west to San Francisco in the early 1880s.15 After
poverty and dissipation [had] clouded the last years of his brilliant career,Fitzhugh died of a stroke at the What Cheer Hotel, where his body was found on 24 November 1883.16
I See What I Have Done: The Life and Murder Trials of Xwelas, a S'Kallam Woman, Writing the Range, edited by Elizabeth Jameson and Susan Armitage (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), 177.
I See What I Have Done: The Life and Murder Trials of Xwelas, a S'Kallam Woman, Writing the Range, edited by Elizabeth Jameson and Susan Armitage (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), 177.
I See What I Have Done: The Life and Murder Trials of Xwelas, a S'Kallam Woman, Writing the Range, edited by Elizabeth Jameson and Susan Armitage (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), 175-6; Edmund Clare Fitzhugh, Find a Grave.
I See What I Have Done: The Life and Murder Trials of Xwelas, a S'Kallam Woman, Writing the Range, edited by Elizabeth Jameson and Susan Armitage (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), 175-6; Lottie Roeder Roth, Edmund C. Fitzhugh and the Sehome Mine, History of Whatcom County. Chicago: Pioneer Historical Publishing Company, 1926. Volume one pages 37-39.
I See What I Have Done: The Life and Murder Trials of Xwelas, a S'Kallam Woman, Writing the Range, edited by Elizabeth Jameson and Susan Armitage (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), 177.
I once loved him sincerely; but so bad a temper and so given to take offence, that I gradually quite lost my love and wished only to keep out of contact with him.4
encouragement should be given to Companies for the purpose of working silver mines, [as] they cannot be worked advantageously by individual enterprise.2
in accordance with established rules,and that free grants were not made
to any persons whatever.2
Indigenous people were under peculiarly favourable circumstances for Christian teaching.5 He stayed in this position until 1865, in the same year on 7 April he was sworn into the privy council.6 Six years later, Fortescue became the president of the Board of Trade and remained in the position until 1874.7
Irish Questions, including but not limited to the question of Irish Home Rule.8 In his later career he continued to take charge of actions in Ireland when he accepted the position of Lord Privy Seal in 1881 -- taking charge of the Land Bill, a land law in Ireland that was meant to improve tenant-landlord relations.9 Due to his political life, Fortescue did well for himself, owning large estates in Louth and Armagh and gaining the title of 2nd Baron of Clermont in 1887 after the death of his brother.10 His overall influence in society was largely due to his wife, Countess Frances of Waldegrave whom he married in 1863 -- becoming her fourth husband.11 In his final years, Fortescue is said to have been extremely unhappy due to his time in politics and when he died on 30 January 1898 in Marseille from influenza, he was said to have died nothing short of bitter and resentful.12
command the Vancouver Island volunteer rifle corps.He wrote this letter to Chichester Fortescue requesting good quality firearms comparable to those
supplied to the volunteers of the United Kingdom.
clever independent English gentlemanwhose goal was the
advancementof both Vancouver Island and British Columbia.2
deputed to Vienna to carry out an inquiry into certain transactions connected with supplies to the Army in the Crimea.2 Returning to the Paymaster-General's Department in 1859, he was appointed Assistant Paymaster-General.3 While serving in this position, Foster co-authored a report on the financial condition of the Turkish Empire, was involved with the establishment of the Imperial Ottoman Bank, and spent three years as Financial Commissioner to India.4 In 1867 he was made a Companion of the Royal Order of the Bath and appointed Principal Financial Officer to the Treasury, Treasury Auditor, and Commissioner of Public Accounts.5 After retiring from the Treasury in 1871, Foster became a Governor of the Imperial Ottoman Bank.6 He died on 15 June 1891 at the age of seventy-six.7
Billy
BillyFoster was a central figure in the conflict that came to be known as
McGowan's War.On 24 December 1858, at the height of the Fraser Canyon gold rush, Foster, who co-owned a
saloonat Yale, shot and killed a British gold miner named Bernard Rice.1 Rice, who friends said
hapent to be little in lickuire at the time,had refused to pay for his drinks and was forced by Foster to leave.2 McGowan later wrote that Rice
soon returned with a pistol in his hand, and pointed it at Foster, who immediately drew on him, and shot and unfortunately killed him.Attempts to apprehend Foster, who
went to Hill's Bar and hid for a few days, and then went down the river in a canoe, and finally made his escape out of the country,sparked a confrontation between rival groups in the area that was swiftly resolved by the appearance of Col. Moody and the Royal Engineers.3 On 12 March 1859, Victoria's British Colonist newspaper confirmed that Foster had arrived safely in Nevada.4
to save the First Nations from not only Satan, but from the violent and alcoholic excesses of the prospectors.5 The Oblates entrusted Fouquet with the duty to establish
a new front in the war against democracy, liberalism and modernity.6 Today, the Oblate's mission is described as
Evangelizing the Poor.7
created for the purpose of separating Aboriginal children from their families, in order to minimize and weaken family ties and cultural linkages, and to indoctrinate children into a new culture—the culture of the legally dominant Euro-Christian Canadian society.13 You can read more about Canada's Indian Residential School System in the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Final Report.14
the man who ate his boots.
so irritable and…so utterly careless.4 On 14 September 1866, Franks was given the knowledge that his position would be terminated on account of his known disputes and street fights with Public Officers as well as his oft-used
insulting languageand occasional
breaking windin front of other officials.5 His official notice of termination from the Office of the Treasury was received on 22 November 1866. This notice was supposed to have been based on the unification of the colonies of British Columbia and Vancouver Island as well as the colonies' poor financial standing for which he was held responsible.6
plunderedby the local Indigenous people.
New Colony of British Columbia.1 According to Aldrich, the reverend was
formerly of Beaufrie Hall near Wisbeachand the brother of Townley, who
represented the county of Cambridge in several parliaments.2
a man named Gallagher struck pay dirt, three cents to the pan, about four miles above Boston Bar.He calls the new diggings Gallagher's Flat.2
the gold hunters at Frazer's River and elsewhere on the main land.4
through the kindness of her Majesty's Government.6 Gammage established a mission at Douglas on Harrison Lake in the interior, raising enough funds to build a church by 1862. The mission was not successful, however, as most inhabitants of the small community were single men who were not interested in religion. When the completion of the Cariboo Road through the Fraser Canyon provided an alternative transportation route, the mission was closed.7 Gammage and his wife returned to England in 1863.8 He held a number of positions in the Church between 1864 and 1890.9 He was seventy-one years old when he died in 1893.10
was perhaps the first sustained Protestant schooling initiative for Indigenous peoplesin Victoria, and became involved with the “Indian Improvement Committee,” which was committed to the
better[ing] the conditions on the Lekwungen reserve across the harbour from Fort Victoria.4 Garrett, and his close associate on the committee, William Duncan, occasionally came in conflict with the white settlers of Victoria who—with pessimistic views regarding the future of Indigenous populations—saw the “philanthropic” efforts of the missionaries as “a waste of time and effort.”5 During Victoria's devastating smallpox epidemic in 1862, Garrett and a “pox-marked” assistant established a hospital for Indigenous people who contracted the disease; however, Garrett remarked that he and his assistant
were little more than grave diggers, placing beneath the sod an average of four a day.6
twilight world.6 George III died at Windsor Castle on January 29, 1820.7
bad temper when his authority was challengedand
uneducated, obstinate, and impetuous.4 Gilliam's short temper was further revealed in the year after when he acted as the captain leading immigrants traveling from the Missouri River to Oregon. After two months of dissatisfaction in his position, he resigned as captain in
an angry, bitter speech.5
ruse,seeing violence as the main solution.7
joined as an amateur, but was afterwards of much service in every emergency.2 In 1860, Gooch, Prevost, and a crew from the Satellite marched into BC's interior to
overawe certain miners who were causing anxiety to the Government.3
cleanliness.8
priest-in-chargeof his former parish in Nanaimo.11 For another 17 years, Good worked in Nanaimo until he was forced from his position in 1899 due to the development of parish life and Good's inability to comply with the new style and subside with his traditional view of conducting parish life.12 In his entire missionary career, Good spent nearly 40 years in the service of the Anglican church in British Columbia until his death in 1916.13
the Governor forgets to add to Mr. Good's other qualifications that he is his Son in Law.3
continual attacks of ague.In the above minutes, Dr. Goodfellow advises that Richard leave Vancouver Island immediately.
McNeil's Harbour.Both Cormorant Rock and Cormorant Island (now the location of the town Alert Bay) are named after HMS Cormorant.3
directions,and viewed by part-time historian Robert Martin for his Report on Vancouvers Island and Hudson Bay Territories.5
Treasurer of Vancouver Island…committed for trial upon a charge of embezzlement of the public funds….
faithless and unprincipled.3 Gosset returned to England on sick leave in 1862 and resigned from the Royal Engineers in 1863.4
an unfortunate man who has been an absolute plague to me since he came to the Island,while Helmcken remembered him as
a splendid fellow and every inch an officer and a gentleman.6 A pioneer of the Island's lumber industry, Grant also imported the game of cricket and Scotch broom,
so the hills around him might benefit from it and also take on the hue of his native Scotland7
provided government felt disposed to take the [colony's] affairs seriously in hand.12 He authored both Description of Vancouver Island, by its first colonist and Remarks on Vancouver Island, principally concerning townsites and native population, which were published by the Royal Geographic Society.13 He died at age 39 as brigade-major of Lucknow, India.14
unreliable and untrustworthy.6 Grant's goal was never to be realized, not only due to the HBC's overall refusal, but also because the Mormons had successfully developed their own community store without the need for trade with larger Forts, by 1853 Grant was given a full retirement.7 It is said that his retirement was due to his ill health, although some scholars argue that it was more likely due to his failed trading endeavours.8
very clever and obligingin his position as Chief Trader at Fort Hall.10
discovered a vein of Goldbearing Quartzin Haida Gwaii and wished to apply for land grants.
4 With the return of Conservative government in 1874, Buckingham served as governor of Madras from 1875-1880, organizing relief for a large famine in 1876-78.5inconvenientif Canadian politicians gradually gained a social rank equivalent to that of English statesmen.
